英语中从句总共可以分为三种:
1.名词性从句(用句子代替名词)
2.定语从句(用句子代替形容词)
3.状语从句(用句子代替副词)
名词在句子中可以作为:主语、宾语、表语、同位语
因此名词性从句就又有四种:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
主语从句(subject clause)
- 一.定义 *
主语从句(subject clause),顾名思义就是利用一个从句来代替主语。
例如:That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us .
这句话的结构就是最基础的:主+谓+宾
主语:That he finished writing the composition in such a short time
谓语:Surprised
宾语:us
二.连接词
引导主语从句的连词主要有:
从属连词:that,whether
连接代词:who,whoever,whom,whose,what,whatever,which,whichever
连接副词:when,where,how,why,whenever,wherever,however
主语从句的连接词that 无实际意义,但是不可省略其他连接词有实际意义,不可省略
- 三.时态*
从句时态不受主句时态的影响
Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
现在还没有决定谁会成为我们的班长。(主句将来时,从句完成式)
- 四.注意点 *
①主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数,但也有例外。由what引导的主语从句视情况而定
That price will go up is certain.
价格持续上涨是确定的
Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
我们明天是否会去郊游仍旧未知。
What caused the accident remains unknown.
事故的起因是未知的。
What we need are good doctors.
我们需要的是好的医生。
②如果主语从句放在句首表示“是否”的时候,不能用If只能有Whether
If Mary really heard him is really doubtful(false)
值得怀疑的是,是否玛丽真的听了他的话(错误)
whether Mary really heard him is really doubtful(correct)
值得怀疑的是,是否玛丽真的听了他的话(正确)
五.为了防止句子头重脚轻,通常把形式主语it放在句首位置,真正主语搁置于句末(It+形式主语谓语+宾/表+从句)
(1)That he will win the match is certain. → It is certain that he will win the match.
他一定会赢得这场比赛的。
(2)That he has made a very important discovery in chemistry is true → It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.
他的确在化学领域有了一个伟大的发现。
(3) what caused the accident is still a mystery. → It is still a mystery what caused the accident.
造成事故的原因仍旧是个秘密。
六.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1)If引导的主语从句
it is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. (right)
If he will leave for Beijing tomorrow is uncertain(wrong)
他明天是否离开北京是不确定的
(2)It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)
That President jin will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)
据说主席金下周会参观我们学校
(3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)
他考试不及格
(3)It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong)
他是否错了已经无关紧要了
(3)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前.
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)
Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)
晚上可能下雨吗
宾语从句(object clause)
一.定义
名词性从句均是异曲同工。即宾语从句就是利用一个从句来代替宾语。
例如:I think (that) you shoud tell the truth
主语:I
谓语:think
宾语:(that)you should tell the truth
二.连接词
从属连词主要有that,if,whether
连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whoever, whatever, whichever等
That 用于陈述句的连接词(包括)肯定和否定,在句中不作任何成分,所以常常省略(有例外)I think (that) is funny
我认为很搞笑
She hopes (that) tomorrow will be a good whether.
他希望明天是个好天气
Whether/if 引导一般疑问句的宾语从句,连词有意义,不能省略。I wonder if you can go with me?
我再想你能不能和我一起走
I don’t know whether i can go home?
我不知道我是否能回家了
特殊疑问词(连接代词)引导的宾语从句,连词有意义不可省略。I know what I want to do.
我知道我想做什么
I ask him where I could take the bus.
我问他我能去哪做公交
三.时态
1.主句为现在时/将来时/完成时的时候。从句可能使用任何时态(视不同情况)
I know he lives here
我知道他住在这里
I know he lived here ten years ago.
我知道他十年前住在这里
I have heard that he will come tomorrow
我听说他明天会来
2.主句为过去时的时候,从句用的是对应的某种过去时态
I knew he lived here.
我知道他过去住在这里
I saw he talking with her mother.
我看见他和她妈妈在讲话
3.当遇到客观定理、公理时,从句一律用现在时
The teacher said that the earth travels around the sun .
老师说:地球绕着太阳转
四.注意点
宾语从句中That不可省略的情况:
①宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词
He think that learning English is very hard.
我认为学习英语好难啊(learning English 做宾语从句的主语)
②宾语从句的主语是this或that 的时候
She said that would lead her win.
她说那将使她获胜
③有两个或两个以上的宾语从句,第二个that不能省略
I believe (that) you have done your best and that things will get better
我相信你已经尽力了,事情会变好的
④it 作形式宾语,此时that 引导的宾语从句that 不可省略
I thought it strange that Amy didn’t came up yesterday.
艾米昨天没有来我觉得很奇怪
⑤双宾时,that 引导的从句做直接宾语时,that 不可省略
My foreign friend tell me that Chinese is one of the most difficult language to learn.
我的外国朋友告诉我中文是最难学的语言之一。
有四种只能用whether的情况①or not
I don’t know whether he will come or not.
我不知道他是否会来
②有介词
I don’t care of whether he is handsome
我不在乎他是否长的够帅
③后接to do
He wondered whether to stay here the next week.
他不知道下星期是否要留在这里。
④作主语,只用whether
Whether he will come is not decided.
他是否来还没有决定。
表语从句(Predicative Clause)
一.定义
名词性从句均是异曲同工。即表语从句就是利用一个从句来代替表语。
众所周知,表语谓语系动词(be 动词及感官动词)之后,所以一般结构为主语+系动词+表语从句
例如:the trouble is that he has lost a lot of money.
主语:the trouble
谓语: is
表语: that he has lost a lot of money.
二.连接词
从属连词:that、whether、asthough、asif
关系代词:who,what,which,whom,whose,whatever,whoever,whomever,which等
关系副词when,where,why,how,however,whenever,where等
表语从句的连接词that 无实际意义,正式文体中不可省略,但在口语当中人们有时会省略其他连接词有实际意义,不可省略从属连词引导的表语从句The question is whether we should leave now.
问题是我们现在是否应该离开
The problem was that it was too valuable for me.
问题是它对我来说太宝贵了。
It looked as if it was going to snow.
看起来好像要下雪了
关系代词引导的表语从句That’s what we should do
这是我们应该做的
The problem was who could do this job.
问题是谁能做这份工作
关系副词引导的表语从句That is how he work so fast.
这就是他工作如此之快的原因。
三.时态
和主语从句一样。表语从句的时态不受主句影响
四.注意点
表语从句不能用If,只能用whether 引导
同位语从句(appositive Clause)
一.定义
我知道大家对同位语会比较陌生,同位语,按字面意思理解,就是与同位语前面的那个名词具有相同地位的成分. 即同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明、解释它的情况
例如 :
He my brother is a superstar.
他,即我的哥哥,是个明星(my brother是he的同位语)
We both can do it.
我们,两个人,都可以做(both就是we的同位语)
Where is you classmate tom
你的同学汤姆在哪里(tom 是classmate的同位语)
同位语从句,就是用一个句子来做同位语成分,通常跟在一些特定的名词之后。这些名词有:
hope/wish/fact/answer/problem/news/belief/idea/promise/suggestion/order/conclusion/information/thought
这些名词的名义都很抽象,指代不明确,所以往往跟一个同位语从句来解释这些名词的具体内涵。比如:
The fact that she didn't like me really hurts me.
主语:The fact
谓语: really hurts
同位语:that she didn't like me
宾语:me
不知道大家发现没有,不管是同位语还是同位语从句,他们都是起到解释说明的功能,不是关键的句子成分。所以即使他们被去除,也不会影响句子的完整性。
二:连接词
从属连词:that,whether
连接代词:what,who等
连接副词:how,when, why, where 等
同位语从句的连接词that 无实际意义,但是不可省略从属连词引导的同位语从句The new that our team won the first prize excited all of us.
我们队获得一等奖的消息使我们大家都很兴奋
He has’t made the decision whether he will go.
他还没有决定是否去。
连接代词引导的同位语从句I have no idea what he is doing.
我不知道他在干什么
连接副词引导的同位语从句 I don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.
我不明白为什么这是最好的选择。
三.时态
和主语从句一样。同位语从句的时态不受主句影响
四.注意点
特别需要注意与定语从句的区别。
①定语(从句)是对其先行词的修饰,属于形容词范畴。而同位语(从句)是对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明,属于名词范畴。
②引导词that在同位语从句中只起连接作用,不做任何成分。That在定语从句中属于关系代词,充当句子成分。
The news that our team has won the game was true.
我们队赢了比赛的消息是真的(that 不做成分,引导同位语从句对news进行补充说明,说明到底是一个什么样的news)
The news that he told me yesterday was true.
昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的(that充当宾语,引导定语从句对news进行修饰,说明是哪个news)
③当when,where,why,how 等连接副词连接时,虽然在句中充当成分,但前面没有与其意义相当的先行词!
He will never forget the days when he lived with his grandparent.
他永远也不会忘记和爷爷奶奶一起生活的日子。
He has no idea when the meeting will be held.
他不知道会议什么时候举行。